The Mechanical Engineer's Glossary

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Mechanical engineering runs on acronyms. They show up in job postings, on drawings, in meeting invites, and on every form you will ever fill out. If you are reading this blog as a student, a career-changer, or someone outside the field trying to understand what a mechanical engineer actually does all day, this page is for you. Every entry below is expandable. Click the acronym to see what it means, a brief description of what it is and why it matters, and a link to learn more.

374 entries. 23 categories. 0 buzzwords.

DESIGN & DRAFTING
ANSI = American National Standards Institute
Sets voluntary consensus standards for dimensions, tolerances, symbols, and documentation across U.S. industries. (Learn more)
BIM = Building Information Modeling
3D model-based process for planning, designing, and managing buildings and infrastructure. More common in civil/architectural work. (Learn more)
CAD = Computer-Aided Design
Software for creating 2D drawings and 3D models. SolidWorks, CATIA, Creo, NX, and AutoCAD are common platforms in ME. (Learn more)
CAE = Computer-Aided Engineering
Umbrella term for software tools used in engineering analysis: FEA, CFD, multibody dynamics, etc. (Learn more)
CAM = Computer-Aided Manufacturing
Software that converts CAD models into toolpaths for CNC machines, laser cutters, or 3D printers. (Learn more)
CATIA = Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application
Dassault Systèmes CAD/CAE/CAM platform. Dominant in aerospace and automotive. (Learn more)
CFD = Computational Fluid Dynamics
Simulation of fluid flow, heat transfer, and related phenomena using numerical methods. (Learn more)
DFA = Design for Assembly
Design methodology aimed at reducing assembly time, part count, and labor cost. (Learn more)
DFM = Design for Manufacturability
Design methodology that ensures parts can be produced efficiently with available processes and tolerances. (Learn more)
DWG = Drawing
File format and shorthand for engineering drawings. Originally AutoCAD's native format. (Learn more)
EBOM = Engineering Bill of Materials
BOM reflecting the design structure as defined by engineering. May differ from MBOM. (Learn more)
ECN = Engineering Change Notice
Formal document notifying affected parties of an approved engineering change. (Learn more)
ECO = Engineering Change Order
Formal request to modify a product's design, BOM, or documentation after release. (Learn more)
ECR = Engineering Change Request
Initial request to evaluate a proposed engineering change before it becomes an ECO. (Learn more)
FEA = Finite Element Analysis
Numerical method for predicting how structures respond to loads, vibration, heat, and other physical effects. (Learn more)
GD&T = Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Symbolic language (ASME Y14.5) for defining allowable variation in part geometry on engineering drawings. (Learn more)
ID = Inner Diameter
The internal measurement across a circular cross-section. Pipe, bore, and bushing specs. (Learn more)
MBOM = Manufacturing Bill of Materials
BOM reflecting the manufacturing sequence and structure. May differ from EBOM. (Learn more)
MMC = Maximum Material Condition
GD&T modifier indicating the condition where a feature contains the maximum amount of material. (Learn more)
LMC = Least Material Condition
GD&T modifier indicating the condition where a feature contains the minimum amount of material. (Learn more)
NPT = National Pipe Thread
U.S. standard for tapered pipe threads used in plumbing, hydraulics, and pneumatics. (Learn more)
NX = Siemens NX (formerly Unigraphics)
Siemens CAD/CAE/CAM platform. Common in aerospace, automotive, and heavy equipment. (Learn more)
OD = Outer Diameter
The external measurement across a circular cross-section. (Learn more)
PDM = Product Data Management
Software for managing CAD files, revisions, BOMs, and engineering documents. (Learn more)
PLM = Product Lifecycle Management
Enterprise system managing a product from concept through retirement. Includes PDM as a subset. (Learn more)
SBOM = Service Bill of Materials
BOM structured around field service and spare parts requirements. May differ from EBOM and MBOM. (Learn more)
TDP = Technical Data Package
Complete set of engineering drawings, specs, standards, and quality requirements needed to manufacture a part. (Learn more)
TIR = Total Indicator Reading (or Runout)
Measurement of the total variation of a surface when the part is rotated about a datum axis. (Learn more)
UNC = Unified National Coarse
Standard coarse-pitch thread series in the inch system. Most common general-purpose thread in the U.S. (Learn more)
UNF = Unified National Fine
Standard fine-pitch thread series in the inch system. Used where vibration resistance or fine adjustment is needed. (Learn more)
V&V = Verification and Validation
Verification confirms the design meets specs; validation confirms it meets user needs. Required in aerospace and medical devices. (Learn more)
MATERIALS, TESTING & MEASUREMENT
ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials
Develops and publishes voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services. (Learn more)
BHN = Brinell Hardness Number
Hardness measurement using a steel or carbide ball indenter under a specified load. (Learn more)
CMM = Coordinate Measuring Machine
Precision instrument for measuring the geometry of physical objects by sensing discrete points. (Learn more)
DV = Design Verification (testing)
Testing performed on prototype or pre-production parts to verify the design meets specifications. (Learn more)
DV/PV = Design Verification / Production Validation
Two-phase testing sequence. DV confirms the design; PV confirms the production process reproduces it. (Learn more)
FOS = Factor of Safety
Ratio of a structure's actual strength to the required strength. Built-in margin against failure. (Learn more)
GR&R = Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility
Statistical study evaluating variation in a measurement system from the gage itself and the operators using it. (Learn more)
HRC = Hardness Rockwell C
Hardness scale using a diamond cone indenter. Common for hardened steels and tool steels. (Learn more)
HRB = Hardness Rockwell B
Hardness scale using a steel ball indenter. Common for softer steels, brass, and aluminum. (Learn more)
MSA = Measurement Systems Analysis
Statistical study evaluating the capability and reliability of a measurement system (GR&R is part of MSA). (Learn more)
NDT = Nondestructive Testing
Inspection methods (ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle, dye penetrant) that evaluate parts without destroying them. (Learn more)
NDE = Nondestructive Evaluation
Synonymous with NDT. Some industries prefer one term over the other. (Learn more)
NVH = Noise, Vibration, and Harshness
Automotive engineering discipline focused on reducing unwanted sound and vibration in vehicles. (Learn more)
PV = Production Validation (testing)
Testing performed on production-intent parts from production tooling to validate the manufacturing process. (Learn more)
RTD = Resistance Temperature Detector
Temperature sensor that measures resistance changes in a metal element. More accurate than thermocouples. (Learn more)
SPC = Statistical Process Control
Use of control charts and statistical methods to monitor and control a manufacturing process. (Learn more)
UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength
Maximum stress a material can withstand before fracture under uniaxial tension. (Learn more)
YS = Yield Strength
Stress at which a material begins to deform permanently. The practical design limit for most structures. (Learn more)
MANUFACTURING & OPERATIONS
5S = Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain
Workplace organization methodology from lean manufacturing. Foundation for visual management. (Learn more)
AM = Additive Manufacturing
Umbrella term for 3D printing technologies that build parts by adding material layer by layer. (Learn more)
BOM = Bill of Materials
Structured list of all parts, assemblies, and raw materials needed to build a product. (Learn more)
CNC = Computer Numerical Control
Automated machining controlled by programmed instructions. Mills, lathes, routers, and grinders. (Learn more)
COTS = Commercial Off-The-Shelf
Standard catalog components purchased from a vendor rather than custom-designed. (Learn more)
DMLS = Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Metal 3D printing process using a laser to fuse metal powder layer by layer. Used in aerospace and medical. (Learn more)
EDM = Electrical Discharge Machining
Machining process using electrical discharges (sparks) to remove material. Used for hard metals and complex geometries. (Learn more)
ERP = Enterprise Resource Planning
Integrated software system managing inventory, purchasing, production scheduling, and finance. SAP, Oracle, Epicor. (Learn more)
ETO = Engineer to Order
Manufacturing strategy where the product is designed and engineered after receiving a customer order. (Learn more)
FDM = Fused Deposition Modeling
3D printing process that extrudes thermoplastic filament layer by layer. Most common desktop 3D printing method. (Learn more)
HAZ = Heat-Affected Zone
Area of base metal surrounding a weld that was not melted but whose microstructure was altered by heat. (Learn more)
HSS = High-Speed Steel
Tool steel alloy used for cutting tools. Retains hardness at elevated temperatures. (Learn more)
JIT = Just-In-Time
Inventory strategy where materials arrive exactly when needed in production, minimizing storage costs. (Learn more)
MES = Manufacturing Execution System
Software connecting ERP planning to shop floor operations. Tracks work orders, labor, and machine status in real time. (Learn more)
MRP = Material Requirements Planning
System for planning and scheduling materials needed for manufacturing. Predecessor/subset of ERP. (Learn more)
MTO = Make to Order
Manufacturing strategy where production begins only after a customer order is received. (Learn more)
MTS = Make to Stock
Manufacturing strategy where products are manufactured based on demand forecasts and held in inventory. (Learn more)
OEE = Overall Equipment Effectiveness
Metric combining availability, performance, and quality to measure manufacturing productivity. World-class target is 85%. (Learn more)
OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
Company that produces parts or equipment sold under another company's brand, or the brand itself. (Learn more)
OTIF = On Time In Full
Supply chain metric measuring the percentage of orders delivered on time and complete. (Learn more)
SAP = Systems, Applications, and Products (in Data Processing)
German enterprise software company. Its ERP system is dominant in large manufacturing firms. (Learn more)
SKU = Stock Keeping Unit
Unique identifier for a distinct product or part in inventory management. (Learn more)
SLA = Stereolithography
3D printing process using a UV laser to cure liquid photopolymer resin. High resolution. Also see SLA under Project Management. (Learn more)
SLS = Selective Laser Sintering
3D printing process using a laser to fuse powdered material (nylon, metals). No support structures needed. (Learn more)
TPM = Total Productive Maintenance
Manufacturing philosophy aimed at maximizing equipment effectiveness through proactive and preventive maintenance. (Learn more)
UOM = Unit of Measure
Standard quantity used in inventory and purchasing systems (each, kg, ft, liter, etc.). (Learn more)
VFD = Variable Frequency Drive
Electronic controller that adjusts motor speed by varying the frequency of the power supply. (Learn more)
VSM = Value Stream Mapping
Lean tool for visualizing all steps in a process from raw material to customer delivery, identifying waste. (Learn more)
WIP = Work in Process
Partially completed goods on the manufacturing floor. Tracked as inventory in ERP systems. (Learn more)
WELDING
AWS = American Welding Society
Publishes welding codes and standards (D1.1 structural steel, D17.1 aerospace). Certifies welding inspectors. (Learn more)
CJP = Complete Joint Penetration
Weld joint where fusion extends through the full thickness of the base metal. (Learn more)
FCAW = Flux-Cored Arc Welding
Arc welding process using a tubular wire filled with flux. Common in structural steel and shipbuilding. (Learn more)
HAZ = Heat-Affected Zone
Area of base metal surrounding a weld that was not melted but whose microstructure was altered by heat. Also listed under Manufacturing. (Learn more)
MIG = Metal Inert Gas (welding)
Arc welding process using a continuous wire electrode and shielding gas. Also called GMAW. (Learn more)
PJP = Partial Joint Penetration
Weld joint where fusion does not extend through the full thickness of the base metal. (Learn more)
PWHT = Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Controlled heating and cooling after welding to relieve residual stresses and improve material properties. (Learn more)
SMAW = Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Manual arc welding using a consumable electrode coated in flux. Also called stick welding. (Learn more)
TIG = Tungsten Inert Gas (welding)
Arc welding process using a non-consumable tungsten electrode and shielding gas. Also called GTAW. (Learn more)
WPS = Welding Procedure Specification
Document specifying welding variables (process, filler, preheat, etc.) required to produce an acceptable weld. (Learn more)
QUALITY & PROCESS IMPROVEMENT
8D = Eight Disciplines (Problem Solving)
Structured methodology for identifying root cause and implementing corrective actions. Common in automotive. (Learn more)
AIAG = Automotive Industry Action Group
Industry body that publishes quality standards (APQP, PPAP, FMEA, MSA, SPC) used across automotive supply chains. (Learn more)
APQP = Advanced Product Quality Planning
Framework for developing quality plans during new product launches. Defines phases, deliverables, and timing. (Learn more)
ASQ = American Society for Quality
Professional organization for quality practitioners. Administers CQE, CQA, and Six Sigma certifications. (Learn more)
CAPA = Corrective and Preventive Action
Formal system for investigating nonconformances, identifying root causes, and implementing fixes. (Learn more)
CPK = Process Capability Index
Statistical measure of how well a process meets specification limits. Higher is better; 1.33 is a common minimum. (Learn more)
DFMEA = Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
Systematic method for identifying potential design failures, their causes, effects, and risk priority. (Learn more)
DMAIC = Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
Five-phase improvement methodology used in Six Sigma projects. (Learn more)
DOE = Design of Experiments
Statistical method for planning experiments to efficiently determine cause-and-effect relationships. (Learn more)
DPMO = Defects Per Million Opportunities
Quality metric. Six Sigma target is 3.4 DPMO. (Learn more)
FAIRs = First Article Inspection Reports
Documentation verifying that the first production run meets all drawing and specification requirements. (Learn more)
FKM = Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau (German)
German research body that publishes fatigue strength guidelines for mechanical components. (Learn more)
FMEA = Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
General term for the methodology. DFMEA is design-focused; PFMEA is process-focused. (Learn more)
NCR = Nonconformance Report
Document recording a product, part, or process that does not meet specifications. (Learn more)
PFMEA = Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
FMEA applied to manufacturing processes rather than product design. (Learn more)
PPAP = Production Part Approval Process
Standardized process (AIAG) for approving production parts and their manufacturing processes. 18 elements. (Learn more)
PPM = Parts Per Million
Quality metric for defect rates. Also used in material composition specifications. (Learn more)
QA = Quality Assurance
System-level activities ensuring quality requirements will be met. Focuses on prevention. (Learn more)
QC = Quality Control
Inspection and testing activities that verify products meet specifications. Focuses on detection. (Learn more)
QFD = Quality Function Deployment
Method for translating customer requirements into engineering specifications. Uses the 'House of Quality' matrix. (Learn more)
QMS = Quality Management System
Formalized system documenting processes, procedures, and responsibilities for quality. ISO 9001 is the standard. (Learn more)
RCA = Root Cause Analysis
Systematic process for identifying the fundamental cause of a problem or nonconformance. (Learn more)
RTY = Rolled Throughput Yield
Probability that a product will pass through all process steps without any defect or rework. (Learn more)
SCAR = Supplier Corrective Action Request
Formal request to a supplier to investigate a quality issue and implement corrective actions. (Learn more)
SQE = Supplier Quality Engineer
Engineer responsible for ensuring supplier components meet quality requirements. (Learn more)
TQM = Total Quality Management
Management philosophy emphasizing continuous improvement, customer focus, and employee involvement in quality. (Learn more)
VA/VE = Value Analysis / Value Engineering
Systematic method for improving the value of a product by examining function versus cost. (Learn more)
VOC = Voice of the Customer
Process for capturing customer requirements, expectations, and preferences. (Learn more)
RELIABILITY & MAINTENANCE
CBM = Condition-Based Maintenance
Maintenance performed based on real-time equipment condition data rather than fixed schedules. (Learn more)
CMMS = Computerized Maintenance Management System
Software for scheduling, tracking, and documenting maintenance activities on equipment and facilities. (Learn more)
LOTO = Lockout/Tagout
Safety procedure ensuring machines are properly shut off and cannot be restarted during maintenance. (Learn more)
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures
Average operating time between failures for a repairable system. Key reliability metric. (Learn more)
MTTF = Mean Time to Failure
Average time to failure for a non-repairable component. Used in reliability predictions. (Learn more)
MTTR = Mean Time to Repair
Average time required to restore a failed system to operating condition. (Learn more)
PM = Preventive Maintenance
Scheduled maintenance performed at regular intervals to prevent equipment failure. Also see PM under Project Management. (Learn more)
RAMS = Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety
Framework for evaluating system dependability. Common in rail, defense, and heavy industry. (Learn more)
RCM = Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Maintenance strategy based on identifying the most effective approach for each failure mode. (Learn more)
SUPPLY CHAIN & PROCUREMENT
CoA = Certificate of Analysis
Document from a supplier certifying that a material or product meets specified chemical or physical properties. (Learn more)
CoC = Certificate of Conformance
Document from a supplier certifying that a product meets the requirements of the purchase order and applicable specs. (Learn more)
EOQ = Economic Order Quantity
Formula-based calculation of the optimal order quantity to minimize total inventory costs. (Learn more)
FOB = Free on Board
Shipping term specifying the point at which ownership and risk transfer from seller to buyer. (Learn more)
MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity
Smallest number of units a supplier will produce or sell in a single order. (Learn more)
MSA = Master Service Agreement
Contract establishing terms for ongoing work between a company and a service provider. Also see MSA under Materials/Testing. (Learn more)
MTR = Material Test Report
Document reporting the chemical composition and mechanical properties of a material heat or lot. (Learn more)
RFI = Request for Information
Preliminary inquiry sent to potential suppliers to gather information before an RFP or RFQ. (Learn more)
RFP = Request for Proposal
Formal solicitation asking suppliers to submit detailed proposals including approach, timeline, and cost. (Learn more)
RFQ = Request for Quotation
Formal solicitation asking suppliers to submit pricing for specified parts or services. (Learn more)
VMI = Vendor Managed Inventory
Supply chain arrangement where the supplier monitors and replenishes inventory at the customer's location. (Learn more)
THERMAL, FLUIDS & PRESSURE SYSTEMS
ACH = Air Changes Per Hour
Number of times the total volume of air in a space is replaced per hour. Used in ventilation design. (Learn more)
AHU = Air Handling Unit
HVAC equipment that conditions and circulates air through ductwork. Contains fans, coils, filters, and dampers. (Learn more)
ASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Publishes standards and guidelines for HVAC design, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality. (Learn more)
BPVC = Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME)
ASME standard governing the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. (Learn more)
BTU = British Thermal Unit
Unit of heat energy. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. (Learn more)
CFM = Cubic Feet Per Minute
Unit of volumetric airflow. Used in HVAC duct sizing, fan selection, and ventilation calculations. (Learn more)
COP = Coefficient of Performance
Ratio of useful heating or cooling output to energy input. Higher is better. Used for heat pumps and chillers. (Learn more)
GPM = Gallons Per Minute
Unit of liquid flow rate. Used in pump sizing, cooling system design, and hydraulic calculations. (Learn more)
HVAC = Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Building climate control systems. One of the few ME sub-fields where the PE stamp has regular value. (Learn more)
MEP = Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing
Building systems discipline. ME roles in MEP focus on HVAC, fire protection, and piping design. (Learn more)
AEC = Architecture, Engineering, Construction
Collective term for the industries involved in designing and building the built environment. (Learn more)
NPT = National Pipe Thread
U.S. standard for tapered pipe threads used in plumbing, hydraulics, and pneumatics. Also listed under Design. (Learn more)
O&M = Operations and Maintenance
Ongoing activities required to keep a building or facility operating. Includes PM schedules and service contracts. (Learn more)
P&ID = Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
Detailed diagram showing piping, instrumentation, and control devices in a process system. (Learn more)
PFD = Process Flow Diagram
Simplified diagram showing the major process equipment and flow paths. Less detail than a P&ID. (Learn more)
PRV = Pressure Relief Valve
Safety valve that opens automatically when system pressure exceeds a set point to prevent overpressurization. (Learn more)
PSI = Pounds Per Square Inch
Unit of pressure. Used in hydraulics, pneumatics, pressure vessel design, and material testing. (Learn more)
PSV = Pressure Safety Valve
Synonymous with PRV in many contexts. Some codes distinguish between the two based on application. (Learn more)
SEER = Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
Measure of air conditioning efficiency over a cooling season. Higher is better. Regulated by DOE. (Learn more)
VAV = Variable Air Volume
HVAC system that varies airflow to individual zones to match heating or cooling demand. (Learn more)
CONTROLS & AUTOMATION
DAQ = Data Acquisition
Hardware and software system for measuring and recording physical phenomena (temperature, pressure, vibration). (Learn more)
DCS = Distributed Control System
Control system for large-scale industrial processes. Common in chemical plants and power generation. (Learn more)
ECU = Electronic Control Unit
Embedded computer controlling one or more electrical systems in a vehicle. Engine, transmission, braking. (Learn more)
HMI = Human-Machine Interface
Screen or panel allowing operators to interact with automated equipment. Touchscreens on factory floors. (Learn more)
I/O = Input/Output
Electrical signals connecting sensors and actuators to a PLC or controller. (Learn more)
MCU = Microcontroller Unit
Small integrated circuit containing a processor, memory, and I/O. Brains of embedded systems. (Learn more)
OBD = On-Board Diagnostics
Vehicle self-diagnostic system. OBD-II is the standard interface for emissions and engine data. (Learn more)
PID = Proportional-Integral-Derivative (controller)
Control algorithm used in feedback loops to maintain a setpoint (temperature, pressure, speed, position). (Learn more)
PLC = Programmable Logic Controller
Industrial computer for automating manufacturing processes: conveyor sequencing, machine cycling, safety interlocks. (Learn more)
SCADA = Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
System for remote monitoring and control of industrial processes across multiple sites. (Learn more)
SIL = Safety Integrity Level
Measure of safety system reliability. SIL 1 through SIL 4, with 4 being the most stringent. (Learn more)
SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL
EHS = Environment, Health, and Safety
Corporate function responsible for environmental compliance, workplace safety, and occupational health. (Learn more)
EPA = Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. federal agency enforcing environmental regulations affecting manufacturing emissions and waste. (Learn more)
HAZOP = Hazard and Operability Study
Systematic method for identifying potential hazards and operability problems in a process system. (Learn more)
JSA = Job Safety Analysis
Procedure for identifying hazards associated with each step of a job and determining preventive measures. (Learn more)
JHA = Job Hazard Analysis
Synonymous with JSA. Some organizations prefer one term over the other. (Learn more)
LEL = Lower Explosive Limit
Minimum concentration of a gas or vapor in air that can ignite. Critical for confined space and ventilation work. (Learn more)
OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U.S. federal agency enforcing workplace safety and health standards. (Learn more)
PPE = Personal Protective Equipment
Safety gear: hard hats, safety glasses, steel-toed boots, hearing protection, gloves. (Learn more)
PSM = Process Safety Management
OSHA regulatory framework (29 CFR 1910.119) for managing hazards associated with highly hazardous chemicals. (Learn more)
SDS = Safety Data Sheet (formerly MSDS)
Document listing chemical properties, hazards, handling, storage, and emergency procedures for a substance. (Learn more)
STANDARDS, CODES & REGULATORY
ABET = Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
Accredits college and university programs in engineering, computing, and applied science. (Learn more)
AGMA = American Gear Manufacturers Association
Publishes standards for gear design, rating, inspection, and lubrication. (Learn more)
AISI = American Iron and Steel Institute
Trade association that publishes steel grade designations (e.g., AISI 304, AISI 4140). (Learn more)
AMS = Aerospace Material Specification
SAE International specifications for materials and processes used in aerospace manufacturing. (Learn more)
API = American Petroleum Institute
Publishes standards for oil and gas equipment: pipelines, valves, pumps, pressure vessels. Also see API under Business (Application Programming Interface). (Learn more)
AS9100 = Aerospace Quality Management Standard
Quality management system standard for aerospace based on ISO 9001 with additional aerospace requirements. (Learn more)
CE = Conformité Européenne (CE Marking)
Marking indicating a product meets EU health, safety, and environmental requirements. (Learn more)
FAA = Federal Aviation Administration
U.S. agency regulating civil aviation. Certifies aircraft, engines, and components. (Learn more)
FDA = Food and Drug Administration
U.S. agency regulating medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and food. Governs 510(k), PMA, and QSR compliance. (Learn more)
IATF = International Automotive Task Force
Publishes IATF 16949, the automotive quality management system standard. Replaced ISO/TS 16949. (Learn more)
IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission
International standards body for electrical, electronic, and related technologies. (Learn more)
IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Professional association that publishes technical standards and journals. Primarily EE/CE-focused. (Learn more)
ISO = International Organization for Standardization
International body publishing standards. ISO 9001 (quality), ISO 14001 (environmental), ISO 2768 (tolerances). (Learn more)
ITAR = International Traffic in Arms Regulations
U.S. regulations controlling export of defense-related articles and services. Restricts who can access technical data. (Learn more)
MIL-STD = Military Standard
U.S. Department of Defense standards for materials, processes, and testing. Some are still referenced in commercial work. (Learn more)
NADCAP = National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program
Industry-managed accreditation program for special processes (welding, heat treat, NDT) in aerospace. (Learn more)
NDA = Non-Disclosure Agreement
Legal contract restricting the sharing of confidential information between parties. (Learn more)
NEMA = National Electrical Manufacturers Association
Publishes standards for electrical equipment: motor frame sizes, enclosure ratings (NEMA 4X, etc.). (Learn more)
NFPA = National Fire Protection Association
Publishes fire and electrical safety codes. NFPA 70 (NEC) and NFPA 79 (industrial machinery) are common. (Learn more)
NIST = National Institute of Standards and Technology
U.S. agency promoting innovation through measurement science, standards, and technology. (Learn more)
NRTL = Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
Organization recognized by OSHA to test and certify products (UL, CSA, TÜV, Intertek). (Learn more)
REACH = Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals
EU regulation requiring manufacturers to identify and manage risks from chemicals in products. (Learn more)
RoHS = Restriction of Hazardous Substances
EU directive restricting the use of six hazardous materials (lead, mercury, cadmium, etc.) in electronics. (Learn more)
SAE = Society of Automotive Engineers (now SAE International)
Publishes standards for automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicles. SAE steel grades, J-standards. (Learn more)
UL = Underwriters Laboratories
Third-party testing and certification organization for product safety. (Learn more)
MEDICAL DEVICE
cGMP = Current Good Manufacturing Practice
FDA-enforced regulations ensuring medical devices and pharmaceuticals are consistently produced to quality standards. (Learn more)
DHF = Design History File
Collection of records describing the design history of a finished medical device. FDA requirement. (Learn more)
DHR = Device History Record
Documentation of the production history of each unit or batch of a medical device. (Learn more)
DMR = Device Master Record
Complete set of documents specifying how a medical device is manufactured, including specs, drawings, and procedures. (Learn more)
GMP = Good Manufacturing Practice
Regulations ensuring products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. (Learn more)
IQ/OQ/PQ = Installation Qualification / Operational Qualification / Performance Qualification
Three-phase validation sequence for equipment and processes. Common in pharma and medical devices. (Learn more)
V&V = Verification and Validation
Verification confirms the design meets specs; validation confirms it meets user needs. Also listed under Design. (Learn more)
PROJECT & PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
BOE = Basis of Estimate
Documentation supporting a cost or schedule estimate. Required for proposals and budget justification. (Learn more)
CR = Change Request
Formal request to modify project scope, schedule, or budget. Feeds the change control process. (Learn more)
CRM = Customer Relationship Management
Software for managing customer interactions, sales pipelines, and service records. Salesforce, HubSpot. (Learn more)
EAC = Estimate at Completion
Projected total cost of a project based on current performance and remaining work. (Learn more)
EVM = Earned Value Management
Project performance measurement method comparing planned value, earned value, and actual cost. (Learn more)
IPD = Integrated Product Development
Cross-functional approach to product development involving design, manufacturing, quality, and supply chain simultaneously. (Learn more)
KPI = Key Performance Indicator
Quantifiable metric used to evaluate performance against objectives. (Learn more)
NPI = New Product Introduction
Process of bringing a new product from concept through production launch. (Learn more)
NPD = New Product Development
Broader term for the process of developing new products. Overlaps with NPI. (Learn more)
NRE = Nonrecurring Engineering
One-time engineering costs for design, development, and testing of a new product. Amortized over production. (Learn more)
PDP = Product Development Process
Formalized stage-gate process governing how products move from concept to production. (Learn more)
PM = Project Manager (or Project Management)
Person or discipline responsible for planning, executing, and closing projects. Also see PM under Reliability (Preventive Maintenance). (Learn more)
PMI = Project Management Institute
Professional organization that publishes the PMBOK Guide and administers the PMP certification. (Learn more)
PMP = Project Management Professional
PMI certification for project managers. Requires experience, education, and a proctored exam. (Learn more)
SLA = Service Level Agreement
Contract defining the expected level of service, response times, and performance metrics. Also see SLA under Manufacturing (Stereolithography). (Learn more)
SOW = Statement of Work
Document defining the scope, deliverables, timeline, and requirements for a project or contract. (Learn more)
WBS = Work Breakdown Structure
Hierarchical decomposition of project scope into manageable deliverables and work packages. (Learn more)
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES & ORGANIZATIONS
AICPA = American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
Professional organization for CPAs. Referenced in blog for comparison to ME's lack of guild structure. (Learn more)
AMA = American Medical Association
Professional association for physicians. Referenced in blog for comparison to ME's professional structure. (Learn more)
ASCE = American Society of Civil Engineers
Professional society for civil engineers. Contrasted with ASME in the blog. (Learn more)
ASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Publishes standards and guidelines for HVAC design, energy efficiency, and indoor air quality. Also listed under Thermal/Fluids. (Learn more)
ASME = American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Professional society for mechanical engineers. Publishes codes (BPVC), runs conferences, and promotes the profession. (Learn more)
ASNT = American Society for Nondestructive Testing
Professional society for NDT practitioners. Publishes certification standards (SNT-TC-1A). (Learn more)
JSME = Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
Japanese professional society for mechanical engineers. (Learn more)
NASSCOM = National Association of Software and Service Companies
Indian trade body for IT and business process management. Referenced in outsourcing discussions. (Learn more)
NCEES = National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
Develops and administers the FE and PE exams for engineering licensure. (Learn more)
NSPE = National Society of Professional Engineers
Advocacy organization for licensed professional engineers. (Learn more)
SWE = Society of Women Engineers
Advocacy and professional development organization for women in engineering. Also see SWE under Engineering Disciplines (Software Engineer). (Learn more)
DEGREES, CREDENTIALS & LICENSURE
BS = Bachelor of Science
Undergraduate degree. Four to six years in ME programs. (Learn more)
BSME = Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Standard undergraduate degree in ME. ABET-accredited programs. (Learn more)
CPA = Certified Public Accountant
Accounting credential. Referenced in blog for comparison to PE licensure value. (Learn more)
EI = Engineer Intern
Designation earned after passing the FE exam. First step toward PE licensure. (Learn more)
FE = Fundamentals of Engineering (exam)
First licensure exam, typically taken near the end of an undergraduate program. (Learn more)
GPA = Grade Point Average
Cumulative academic performance metric. 4.0 scale in U.S. systems. (Learn more)
MBA = Master of Business Administration
Graduate business degree. Common exit path for MEs leaving technical work. (Learn more)
MET = Mechanical Engineering Technology
ABET-accredited degree with more applied/hands-on focus and less theoretical math than ME. (Learn more)
MS = Master of Science
Graduate degree. In ME, sometimes pursued for specialization; often does not improve job market position. (Learn more)
OJT = On-the-Job Training
Learning that occurs during regular work rather than in a classroom or formal program. (Learn more)
PE = Professional Engineer
State-issued license to practice engineering. Requires FE + experience + PE exam. Less relevant in ME than in civil. (Learn more)
PDH = Professional Development Hour
Continuing education unit required to maintain PE licensure. Typically 15-30 per renewal cycle. (Learn more)
DATA SOURCES & GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
ACS = American Community Survey
Annual U.S. Census Bureau survey providing demographic and economic data. Source for NY Fed labor market outcomes. (Learn more)
ASEE = American Society for Engineering Education
Publishes annual reports on engineering enrollment and degrees awarded by discipline. (Learn more)
BLS = Bureau of Labor Statistics
U.S. Department of Labor agency producing employment, wage, and projection data (OOH, OEWS, JOLTS, CPI). (Learn more)
CBO = Congressional Budget Office
Nonpartisan federal agency providing economic and budget analysis to Congress. (Learn more)
CPI = Consumer Price Index
BLS measure of average change in prices paid by urban consumers. Used for inflation adjustment. (Learn more)
CPS = Current Population Survey
Monthly survey by Census Bureau and BLS measuring labor force status, earnings, and demographics. (Learn more)
DOD = Department of Defense
U.S. federal department. Largest single employer of engineers. Referenced in defense sector discussions. (Learn more)
DOL = Department of Labor
U.S. federal department overseeing BLS, OSHA, and workforce policy. (Learn more)
FLSA = Fair Labor Standards Act
Federal law establishing minimum wage, overtime pay, and exempt/non-exempt employee classifications. (Learn more)
FRED = Federal Reserve Economic Data
Online database maintained by the St. Louis Fed. Free access to economic time series data. (Learn more)
GAO = Government Accountability Office
Congressional watchdog agency that audits federal programs and spending. (Learn more)
H-1B = H-1B Specialty Occupation Visa
U.S. work visa for specialty occupations requiring a bachelor's degree. ME is SOC 17-2141 in USCIS data. (Learn more)
JOLTS = Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey
Monthly BLS survey measuring job openings, hires, and separations by industry. (Learn more)
NAICS = North American Industry Classification System
Standard system for classifying businesses by industry. Used in federal economic data. (Learn more)
NACE = National Association of Colleges and Employers
Publishes salary surveys and first-destination data for college graduates. (Learn more)
NAE = National Academy of Engineering
Honorary society recognizing engineering achievement. Publishes reports on the engineering workforce. (Learn more)
NCES = National Center for Education Statistics
Federal agency collecting and analyzing education data. Source for degree production numbers. (Learn more)
NCSES = National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
NSF center producing data on the science and engineering workforce. (Learn more)
NSCG = National Survey of College Graduates
NSF survey tracking education and employment of college-educated population. (Learn more)
NSF = National Science Foundation
Federal agency funding research and education in science and engineering. (Learn more)
OEWS = Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
BLS program producing employment and wage estimates by occupation and geography. SOC-coded. (Learn more)
O*NET = Occupational Information Network
U.S. Department of Labor database of occupational requirements, worker characteristics, and job details. (Learn more)
OOH = Occupational Outlook Handbook
BLS publication providing career information and projections for hundreds of occupations. (Learn more)
QCEW = Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
BLS program providing employment and wage data from unemployment insurance records. (Learn more)
SHRM = Society for Human Resource Management
HR professional organization. Referenced in hiring practice discussions. (Learn more)
SOC = Standard Occupational Classification
Federal system for classifying workers into occupational categories. ME is SOC 17-2141. (Learn more)
USCIS = U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Federal agency administering the H-1B visa program. Source for visa approval data by occupation. (Learn more)
ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES & TECHNICAL TERMS
AI = Artificial Intelligence
Field of computer science focused on creating systems that perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence. (Learn more)
API = Application Programming Interface
Set of protocols allowing software applications to communicate. Also see API under Standards (American Petroleum Institute). (Learn more)
BME = Biomedical Engineering
Engineering discipline applying principles to medicine and biology. Medical devices, prosthetics, imaging. (Learn more)
BMS = Building Management System
Control system monitoring and managing a building's mechanical and electrical equipment (HVAC, lighting, fire). (Learn more)
CS = Computer Science
Academic discipline focused on computation, algorithms, and software. Not engineering but outperforms ME on labor metrics. (Learn more)
EE = Electrical Engineering
Engineering discipline focused on electrical systems, electronics, power, and signal processing. (Learn more)
EV = Electric Vehicle
Vehicle powered by electric motors and battery packs rather than internal combustion engines. (Learn more)
FPGA = Field-Programmable Gate Array
Integrated circuit that can be configured after manufacturing. Used in EE/CE, not ME. (Learn more)
IP = Intellectual Property
Legal protections for inventions (patents), designs, trademarks, and trade secrets. (Learn more)
ML = Machine Learning
Subset of AI where systems learn from data rather than explicit programming. (Learn more)
MOC = Management of Change
Formal process for evaluating and managing changes to processes, equipment, or procedures that could affect safety. (Learn more)
R&D = Research and Development
Activities directed toward innovation and new product or process creation. (Learn more)
RF = Radio Frequency
Electromagnetic signals in the frequency range used for wireless communication. (Learn more)
SME = Subject Matter Expert
Person with deep knowledge in a specific area. Also abbreviation for Society of Manufacturing Engineers. (Learn more)
SOP = Standard Operating Procedure
Documented step-by-step instructions for performing a routine operation. (Learn more)
SWE = Software Engineer
Software engineering professional. Also see SWE under Professional Societies (Society of Women Engineers). (Learn more)
BUSINESS, WORKPLACE & GENERAL
ABA = American Bar Association
Professional association for lawyers. Referenced in blog for comparison to ME's professional structure. (Learn more)
CDL = Commercial Driver's License
License required to operate large or heavy vehicles. Referenced in trades comparison discussions. (Learn more)
CEO = Chief Executive Officer
Highest-ranking executive in a company. (Learn more)
COE = Center of Excellence
Organizational unit concentrating expertise and resources in a specific area. (Learn more)
COVID = Coronavirus Disease 2019
Global pandemic that disrupted labor markets and manufacturing supply chains. (Learn more)
GE = General Electric
U.S. multinational conglomerate. Major ME employer historically. (Learn more)
GM = General Motors
U.S. automaker. Major ME employer. (Learn more)
HR = Human Resources
Corporate department managing recruitment, employment, benefits, and employee relations. (Learn more)
IBM = International Business Machines
U.S. technology company. Referenced in discussions of corporate engineering decline. (Learn more)
PDF = Portable Document Format
Adobe file format. MEs spend significant time reformatting, merging, and uploading PDFs to customer portals. (Learn more)
ROI = Return on Investment
Financial metric comparing gains to costs. Used in blog to evaluate the ME degree. (Learn more)
VC = Venture Capital
Investment in early-stage companies. Referenced in innovation and startup discussions. (Learn more)
VP = Vice President
Senior executive title. In engineering companies, often the level that cancels your program. (Learn more)
VPN = Virtual Private Network
Encrypted network connection for remote access to corporate systems. (Learn more)
WIPO = World Intellectual Property Organization
UN agency administering international IP treaties. Referenced in patent discussions. (Learn more)
RESEARCH & ACADEMIC REFERENCES
AAAI = Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Academic society for AI research. Referenced in technology displacement discussions. (Learn more)
ALEKS = Assessment and LEarning in Knowledge Spaces
Adaptive learning platform used in math prerequisite courses at many engineering schools. (Learn more)
ASA = American Statistical Association
Professional organization for statisticians. Referenced in methodology discussions. (Learn more)
CRC = CRC Press
Academic publisher of engineering reference handbooks. (Learn more)
IFAU = Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy
Swedish research institute. Source for intergenerational career inheritance study. (Learn more)
IJMEE = International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education
Academic journal focused on ME pedagogy and curriculum. (Learn more)
MIDFIELD = Multiple-Institution Database for Investigating Engineering Longitudinal Development
Research database tracking engineering student progression across U.S. institutions. (Learn more)
MITRE = MITRE Corporation
Federally funded research and development center. Referenced in workforce analysis. (Learn more)
NVCA = National Venture Capital Association
Trade association for the VC industry. Source for startup funding data. (Learn more)
AUTOMOTIVE
ADAS = Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
Technologies like lane-keeping, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking. Growing ME/EE integration point. (Learn more)
BEV = Battery Electric Vehicle
Vehicle powered entirely by a battery-electric drivetrain with no internal combustion engine. (Learn more)
CAN = Controller Area Network
Vehicle communication protocol allowing ECUs, sensors, and actuators to communicate without a host computer. (Learn more)
DTC = Diagnostic Trouble Code
Standardized code generated by a vehicle's OBD system identifying a specific malfunction. (Learn more)
ECU = Electronic Control Unit
Embedded computer controlling one or more electrical systems in a vehicle. Engine, transmission, braking. Also listed under Controls. (Learn more)
FMVSS = Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
U.S. regulations (49 CFR 571) establishing minimum performance requirements for motor vehicle safety. (Learn more)
HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Vehicle combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor and battery. Not plug-in capable. (Learn more)
IATF = International Automotive Task Force
Publishes IATF 16949, the automotive quality management system standard. Also listed under Standards. (Learn more)
ICE = Internal Combustion Engine
Engine that generates power by burning fuel (gasoline, diesel, natural gas) inside cylinders. (Learn more)
MRO = Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul
Activities required to keep equipment or vehicles operational. Also used in aerospace. (Learn more)
NHTSA = National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
U.S. federal agency responsible for motor vehicle safety, fuel economy standards, and recall enforcement. (Learn more)
NVH = Noise, Vibration, and Harshness
Automotive engineering discipline focused on reducing unwanted sound and vibration. Also listed under Materials/Testing. (Learn more)
OBD = On-Board Diagnostics
Vehicle self-diagnostic system. OBD-II is the standard interface for emissions and engine data. Also listed under Controls. (Learn more)
PHEV = Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Hybrid vehicle with a battery large enough to be charged from an external source and drive in electric-only mode. (Learn more)
TPMS = Tire Pressure Monitoring System
System that monitors air pressure in vehicle tires and alerts the driver when pressure falls below threshold. (Learn more)
VIN = Vehicle Identification Number
Unique 17-character code assigned to every motor vehicle for identification, registration, and recall tracking. (Learn more)
AEROSPACE & DEFENSE
AOG = Aircraft on Ground
Status indicating an aircraft cannot fly due to a maintenance issue. Triggers emergency parts procurement. (Learn more)
AS9100 = Aerospace Quality Management Standard
Quality management system standard for aerospace based on ISO 9001 with additional aerospace requirements. Also listed under Standards. (Learn more)
CDR = Critical Design Review
Formal review evaluating the detailed design before committing to fabrication. Confirms the design meets all requirements. (Learn more)
COTS = Commercial Off-The-Shelf (aerospace context)
In NASA/DoD context, also refers to Commercial Orbital Transportation Services. Context determines meaning. (Learn more)
DCMA = Defense Contract Management Agency
U.S. DoD agency responsible for contract administration and oversight of defense suppliers. (Learn more)
DFARS = Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement
Regulations supplementing the FAR that apply specifically to DoD procurements. Governs material sourcing, cybersecurity, and reporting. (Learn more)
EASA = European Union Aviation Safety Agency
EU agency responsible for civil aviation safety. European counterpart to FAA. (Learn more)
FAA = Federal Aviation Administration
U.S. agency regulating civil aviation. Certifies aircraft, engines, and components. Also listed under Standards. (Learn more)
FOD = Foreign Object Debris / Foreign Object Damage
Unwanted material or debris that can cause damage to aircraft, engines, or equipment. FOD prevention is a daily discipline. (Learn more)
FRR = Flight Readiness Review
Final review before a flight or launch confirming all systems, procedures, and safety requirements are met. (Learn more)
ITAR = International Traffic in Arms Regulations
U.S. regulations controlling export of defense-related articles and services. Also listed under Standards. (Learn more)
MRL = Manufacturing Readiness Level
Scale (1-10) assessing the maturity of a manufacturing process. DoD uses it alongside TRL. (Learn more)
MRO = Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul
Scheduled and unscheduled work to keep aircraft and defense systems operational. Also listed under Automotive. (Learn more)
NADCAP = National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program
Industry-managed accreditation for special processes (welding, heat treat, NDT). Also listed under Standards. (Learn more)
PDR = Preliminary Design Review
Formal review evaluating the preliminary design to confirm it meets requirements before detailed design begins. (Learn more)
PRR = Production Readiness Review
Review confirming that the production system is capable of manufacturing the product at required quality and rate. (Learn more)
SRR = System Requirements Review
Formal review confirming that system requirements are complete, achievable, and testable before design begins. (Learn more)
TRL = Technology Readiness Level
Scale (1-9) assessing the maturity of a technology from basic research to operational deployment. NASA origin. (Learn more)
ENERGY & POWER GENERATION
CCGT = Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
Power plant using both a gas turbine and a steam turbine to generate electricity from the same fuel source. (Learn more)
CHP = Combined Heat and Power
System that generates electricity and captures waste heat for heating or industrial processes. Also called cogeneration. (Learn more)
EPC = Engineering, Procurement, Construction
Project delivery model where one contractor handles design, purchasing, and building. Common in energy and infrastructure. (Learn more)
FEED = Front End Engineering Design
Preliminary engineering phase that defines scope, cost, and schedule before detailed design and construction. (Learn more)
FERC = Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
U.S. agency regulating interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil. (Learn more)
GW = Gigawatt
Unit of power equal to one billion watts. Used for national-scale power generation capacity. (Learn more)
HRSG = Heat Recovery Steam Generator
Boiler that captures exhaust heat from a gas turbine to produce steam for a steam turbine or process use. (Learn more)
kW = Kilowatt
Unit of power equal to one thousand watts. Used for small equipment, motors, and residential systems. (Learn more)
LCOE = Levelized Cost of Energy
Metric comparing the total lifetime cost of a power generation source per unit of energy produced. (Learn more)
LNG = Liquefied Natural Gas
Natural gas cooled to liquid form for storage and transport. Major sector for ME work in heat exchangers and cryogenics. (Learn more)
MW = Megawatt
Unit of power equal to one million watts. Used for industrial equipment and power plant capacity. (Learn more)
NERC = North American Electric Reliability Corporation
Nonprofit regulatory authority ensuring the reliability and security of the North American bulk power system. (Learn more)
NRC = Nuclear Regulatory Commission
U.S. federal agency regulating commercial nuclear power plants and materials. (Learn more)
O&G = Oil and Gas
Industry sector encompassing exploration, production, refining, and distribution of petroleum and natural gas. (Learn more)
PPA = Power Purchase Agreement
Long-term contract between an electricity generator and a buyer specifying price and terms. (Learn more)
DESIGN REVIEWS & PROGRAM MILESTONES
CDR = Critical Design Review
Formal review evaluating the detailed design before committing to fabrication. Also listed under Aerospace. (Learn more)
DR = Design Review
General term for any formal evaluation of a product design at a defined stage of development. (Learn more)
EDR = Engineering Design Review
Internal review of engineering deliverables (drawings, analysis, test plans) before release or submission. (Learn more)
FRACAS = Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action System
Closed-loop system for documenting failures, analyzing root causes, and tracking corrective actions to closure. (Learn more)
MRL = Manufacturing Readiness Level
Scale (1-10) assessing manufacturing process maturity. Also listed under Aerospace. (Learn more)
PDR = Preliminary Design Review
Formal review of preliminary design to confirm it meets requirements before detailed design. Also listed under Aerospace. (Learn more)
PRR = Production Readiness Review
Review confirming the production system can manufacture the product at required quality and rate. Also listed under Aerospace. (Learn more)
SRR = System Requirements Review
Review confirming system requirements are complete and testable before design begins. Also listed under Aerospace. (Learn more)
TRL = Technology Readiness Level
Scale (1-9) assessing technology maturity from basic research to operational deployment. Also listed under Aerospace. (Learn more)

This page is a reference tool. It is not meant to change anyone's mind about anything. If you spot an error or a missing acronym, the comments are open. Last updated April 2026.

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